Site fidelity and the costs of movement among territories: an example from colonial web-building spiders
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چکیده
Species differ in whether they exhibit strong site fidelity or move readily among sites. To understand the adaptive significance of site fidelity it is necessary to measure the cost of relocating to new sites, but this is very difficult with most species because it entails following individuals during the entire course of their transition. We studied the colonial web-building spider Metepeira incrassata (Araneae: Araneidae), which defends individual orb webs within a large, shared frame web. Colonies are heterogeneous habitats, with more prey but also more predators at the periphery of the colony relative to the central core. We measured relocation costs in this species by breaking them into the following components, (i) searching costs, (ii) establishment costs, and (iii) lost-opportunities costs, or the potential benefits of alternative behaviors that an animal might engage in if it were not relocating. We observed spiders that were in the process of establishing their orb webs at the start of the foraging day and conducted experiments to examine the costs of relocation by transferring spiders between locations within the colony. Transferred spiders had more fights with conspecifics than non-transferred spiders did, and the number of fights was positively correlated with the distance moved. However, searching and establishment costs seem unimportant, as individuals moving within their territories were as active as individuals moving to new sites. Transferred spiders faced greater lost-opportunities costs in the form of time spent on prey-capture orbs, as they significantly delayed orb construction. Lost-opportunities costs seem to be the most important component of relocation costs in this species and are likely to be generally important among species. This study is one of the few to document movement costs through direct observation. Résumé : Certaines espèces sont fidèles à un site, d’autres se déplacent d’un site à l’autre. Pour bien comprendre l’importance évolutive de la fidélité à un site, il faut mesurer les coûts reliés à la colonisation de nouveaux sites, ce qui s’avère une tâche très difficile chez la plupart des espèces, car il faut suivre des individus pendant toute la période de transition. Nous avons étudié des araignées orbitèles de l’espèce coloniale Metepeira incrassata (Araneae : Araneidae), qui défendent leur toile propre, contenue dans une toile plus vaste qu’elles se partagent. Les colonies sont des habitats hétérogènes qui contiennent plus de proies, mais aussi plus de prédateurs, en périphérie que dans la zone centrale. Nous avons évalué les coûts d’un déménagement chez cette espèce selon trois catégories, (i) la recherche d’un site, (ii) l’établissement et (iii) les occasions ratées ou les avantages potentiels d’autres comportements que pourrait adopter l’animal s’il ne déménageait pas. Nous avons observé des araignées occupées à construire leur toile circulaire au début d’une journée de recherche de nourriture et nous avons mis au point des expériences pour évaluer les coûts reliés au déménagement en déplaçant des araignées d’un site à l’autre au sein d’une colonie. Les araignées déplacées ont livré plus de combats les unes avec les autres que les araignées non déplacées et la fréquence des combats était en corrélation positive avec la distance du déplacement. Cependant, les coûts reliés à la recherche du site et à l’établissement semblent avoir eu peu d’importance puisque les araignées qui se déplaçaient dans leur territoire étaient aussi actives que celles qui ont gagné un nouveau site. Le araignées déplacées ont eu à faire face à des coûts plus élevés dûs à des occasions ratées, car elles passaient moins de temps à chasser sur leur toile parce qu’elles avaient pris un retard significatif à construire leur toile. Les coûts reliés aux occasions ratées semblent être la principale composante du coût du déplacement chez cette espèce et probablement aussi chez d’autres. Cette étude est l’une des premières à évaluer les coûts des déplacements par observation directe. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 2100 Jakob et al. Introduction Site fidelity is the propensity to return to a previously occupied location. Examples of site fidelity abound, and it occurs both in territorial species that defend particular areas and in nonterritorial animals that have undefended home ranges. For example, territorial male songbirds generally return to the same sites year after year (e.g., Greenwood and Harvey 1982), limpets return to the same resting sites after foraging excursions (Iwasaki 1995), and foraging dragonCan. J. Zool. 79: 2094–2100 (2001) © 2001 NRC Canada 2094 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-79-11-2094 Received December 14, 2000. Accepted October 3, 2001. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjz.nrc.ca on December 4, 2001. E.M. Jakob.1 Department of Psychology, Tobin Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A. A.H. Porter. Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A. G.W. Uetz. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221–0006, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). J:\cjz\cjz79\cjz-11\Z01-179.vp Tuesday, December 04, 2001 10:36:42 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen
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تاریخ انتشار 2001